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1. What kind of buoyancy do scuba divers have? What is a benefit of having this kind of buoyancy? 2. What does scuba stand for? 3. What are two benefits of having a portable regulator? 4. When and where was the underwater breathing apparatus invented? 5. What are two uses of helmet divers today? 6. How do the tenders on the boat determine how deep the diver is? 7. Provide three different disadvantages of helmet diving?
 * Segment 1 - Helmet Diving**

8. What two factors limit scuba divers in how long they can stay underwater before surfacing? 9. How does Aquarius Reef Base change the need for divers to limit their dive time? 10. What are some technical difficulties that were overcome to allow divers to live in aquarius? 11. What are some ways in which the higher ambient pressure inside Aquarius affects people? 12. Even though we can’t metabolize nitrogen, why does it play a role in diving physiology? 13. What is meant by the term “saturation diving?” 14. Why doesn’t water come inside Aquarius from the big hole in the bottom? 15. Where does Aquarius get its power, air and communications with land?
 * Segment 2 - Aquarius Reef Base**

16. What two important functions do mangroves perform? 17. Why do you think mangroves make a good buffer zone to protect shoreline erosion? 18. Why are mangroves a great place for baby fish? 19. Salt is tough on plants. What two ways do mangrove plants get rid of the excess salt they take in? 20. What is unique about a mangrove seed? 21.Why are the leaves that fall off the mangrove plants important to nearby reef animals?
 * Segment 3 - Mangrove Forests**

22. How can coral (an animal) get much of its energy from the sun like a plant? Where does it get the rest of its energy? 23. How do reefs provide an important resource for fish in shallow tropical oceans? 24. What is a coral polyp? How do polyps form reefs? 25. Coral is often as hard as rock. Can anything eat coral? 26. Why is coral so hard? 27. What is bleaching? What are some things that are believed to cause it? 28. How do parrotfish make sand from coral? 29. What two factors are the reason coral reefs only grow in the tropics? 30. Internet research: Once corals are bleached, will they die or can they get their color back and survive to become healthy again?
 * Segment 4 - Coral Reefs**

31. What kind of animal is a sponge? 32. How and what do sponges eat? 33. Water goes in and out of the sponge through pores. What are they called? 34. How do sponges reproduce when they can’t walk or swim? 35. What did the green dye illustrate about sponges? 36. Why do very few animals eat sponges? 37. What is the name of the cells inside a sponge that both pump water and catch food particles? 38. Can sponges live in the arctic? How about the tropics?
 * Segment 5 - The Biology of Sponges**

39. How do coral colonies reproduce? 40. Why are the tides important in coral reproduction? 41. Why do you think coral prefers to spawn at night? 42. Most corals are hermaphroditic. What does that mean? What about gonochoric? 43. Why do corals try to all spawn at the same time? (two important reasons) 44. The fertilized eggs drift in the water column for while until they are ready to settle down. What do they then need in order to successfully grow into a reef? 45. Internet research: If the corals of the Caribbean tend to spawn a week after the full moon in September, when will they likely spawn next September?
 * Segment 6 - Coral Spawning**

46. How do sea stars walk? 47. Why are these animals more correctly called “sea stars” rather than “starfish?” (Hint...are they fish?) 48. How does a sea star hunt and eat a scallop or mussel? 49. What do basket sea stars eat and how do they catch it? 50. Why are Crown-of-thorns sea stars bad news for coral reefs? 51. What is the world’s largest sea star and where did Jonathan find it? 52. How are Linckia sea stars like bumper cars?
 * Segment 7 - Sea Stars**

53. What does the word cephalopod mean? 54. Name four members of class cephalopoda? 55. What characteristic do most cephalopods lack compared to other mollusks? 56. What is the only cephalopod with an external shell? 57. Explain how the siphon sids in locomotion. 58. Why are squid and cuttlefish more rigid than an octopus? 59. What is the difference in amount of arms between an octopus and a squid? 60. What skin cells are responsible for cephalopods to change colors?
 * Segment 8 - Cephalopods**

61. What color is an American lobster? Is it red in the wild? 62. How do lobster fishers make sure that the mature egg-laying females do not get caught? How does this improve the future viability of the species? 63. What do most lobsters do when they approach a lobster trap underwater? 64. What are the two claws of a lobster called and how are they different in design? 65. Internet research: what makes an American lobster different from a Spiny lobster?
 * Segment 9 - King of Crustaceans**

66. What parts of the kelp are the frond, pneumatocyst and stipe? 67. What kind of kelp forms “forests” off southern California and Catalina Island? 68. How fast can this kelp grow? 69. How does kelp form a habitat for fish? 70. What is a Garibaldi? 71. What is a holdfast and what does it hold? 72. How does kelp stay oriented vertically in the water without a rigid trunk like a tree? 73. What two specific things make a Torpedo Ray unique in the world of rays? 74. Internet Research: Where did the Torpedo ray get its name? 75: Math question: If kelp can grow 2 feet in a day, how long would it take to grow an inch?
 * Segment 10 - Kelp Forests**

76. The frogfish is an ambush predator. What is an ambush predator? What other waysmight animals get their prey? 77. Why do you think some animals in the ocean want to blend in, but others want to stand out? 78. What is mimicry? Other than the examples given in the film, can you think of other examples of mimicry? 79. What are the two main reasons animals use camouflage? (Hint: has to do with being a predator or prey). 80. A nudibranch has aposematic camouflage. What does that mean? 81. Internet research: How does an octopus accomplish changing the color of its skin?
 * Segment 11 - Color and Campflauge**

82. What is caviar and how did it lead to the depletion of the Sturgeon in North America? 83. How do dams and hydro power plants contribute to the challenges facing the Sturgeon? 84. What are two major ways that biologists are trying to help the Sturgeon recover in the St. Lawrence? 85. Why were scientists collecting eggs from major Sturgeon? 86. Why are the eggs of a Sturgeon sticky? 87. What characteristics make for a good “spawning bed” in the river for Sturgeon? 88. What did Jonathan witness on the spawning beds that proves they work? 89. What parasite was attaching itself to the Sturgeon and how does it feed?
 * Segment 12 - Saving the Sturgeon**

90. Why were Goliath Groupers fished nearly to extinction? 91. What was done to protect the Goliath Grouper and how long did it take for the protection to show noticeable results? 92. Why do the Goliath Groupers seem to like to aggregate near shipwrecks in Florida? 93. Why are all those “Cigar minnows” hanging around the Groupers? (FYI, although the locals call them Cigar minnows, they are technically Round Scad, Decapterus punctatus.) 94. Was it a coincidence that a Manta ray showed up near the Goliath Grouper? What was it probably doing? 95. Why might the phase of the moon be important to a spawning fish? (Hint: what happens to the tides as a function of the moon’s phase?)
 * Segment 13 - Goliath Grouper**

96. How do they think Zebra mussels and Round gobies were introduced to the St. Lawrence river? 97. What are some ways that ballast water invasives might be stopped? 98. What issues do Zebra mussels cause in the St. Lawrence? Do they have any benefits? 99. What are the issues caused by Round Gobies? Any benefits with them? 100. What is being done to try to stop the spread of Lionfish in the Caribbean? 101. What are the two arguments for and against the Lionfish threat in the Caribbean? 102. What is the best way to control invasive species of any kind? 103. How do people think Lionfish were introduced into the Caribbean? 104. Why do people consider the Lionfish a threat in the Caribbean?
 * Segment 14 - Invasive Species**

105. At 300 feet, was there light? How would you describe the light? 106. At 1000 feet how would you describe the light? 107. If no plants can live at 1,000 feet because there is no light, how do you think animals down there can find food with no primary production? (The web can help here) 108. Often deep water animals like the jellynose fish have large eyes. Why? 109. What do you think the Prickly shark at 1,000 feet might be feeding on? 110. Other than the animals we saw on the dive, what other animals might be found down deep? 111. Internet research: the atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi. What is it at 200 feet, considered the safe limit for scuba divers? What is it at 1,000 feet?
 * Segment 15 Deep Cocos**

112. How do Great White sharks attack seals and sea lions? 113. How do the sharks react to divers? 114. Do Great White sharks seem aggressive towards people? 115. How many shark attacks are there in an average year? (Check the internet for some stats). How many sharks are killed by people? Which species is more dangerous? 116. What is one of the common theories on why Great Whites sometimes accidentally bite humans? (involves outside research). 117. How do researchers tell Great White sharks apart at Guadalupe Island? 118. Do Great Whites attack their prey from below or from the same level? Why?
 * Segment 16 - Swimming with Jaws**

119. Why is the Bull shark considered more dangerous than other well-known dangerous species like the Tiger and White sharks? 120. Why are most shark attacks considered a case of “mistaken identity?” 121. What makes the Bull shark unique among sharks? (hint...where can it live?) 122. What is the purpose of a chainmail suit and how does it work? 123. Why is a chainmail suit potentially dangerous for divers? 124. Why was Mauricio using a spear gun on the sharks? 125. What will be learned from the shark tissue samples that Mauricio collected? 126. Does the tissue sampling harm the sharks? 127. How do the sharks react to the divers? Are they aggressive or shy? Do they try to attack?
 * Segment 17 - Bull Shark**

128. How can you tell a Lemon shark from a Tiger shark? Name some physical attributes of each. 129. How do Lemon sharks get their name? What about Tiger sharks? 130. Tiger sharks are said to be nocturnal. What does that mean? What is the opposite of nocturnal? 131. Why are the sharks interested in Jonathan’s camera lights? 132. Why are the sharks around the boat? (Hint, it’s not because they want to eat the divers!) 133. Jonathan jumped into the water with over 30 Lemon sharks and a large Tiger shark and didn’t get attacked. What does this say about sharks?
 * Segment 18 - Tigers of the Sea**

134. Why does rubbing the snout of the Caribbean Reef shark make it relax? What does the stainless steel glove have to do with it? 135. What can be done to put smaller sharks into tonic immobility? What is the problem with that technique on larger sharks? 136. Sharks have special pores called Ampullae of Lorenzini. What are they for? 137. How does an electrical sense help sharks catch prey? 138. Why do the sharks feel heavy when Jonathan picks them up? (Hint: are fish neutrally buoyant? How about sharks?) 139. What happens when the sharks relax and stop swimming? What keeps them from sinking to the bottom all the time? 140. Even though the divers wear chainmail as a precaution, did the sharks act aggressively?
 * Segment 19 - Shark Tonic Immobility **

15. What formed the caves within the cenotes? 16. Which formation comes from the ceiling of the cave--a stalactite or a stalagmite? 17. If the cenotes are filled with water, how could stalactites and stalagmites have formed? 18. Why is the water in a cenote so clear? 19. Why does the water get murky and “swirly” at a certain depth? (Hint: called a halocline). 20. What are two reasons why divers have to have good buoyancy control in a cenote? 20. Why were cenotes so important to the Mayans? In what ways did they use cenotes in life and in their rituals?
 * Segment 3 - The Mexican Underground**

21. What parts of the kelp are the frond, pneumatocyst and stipe? 22. What kind of kelp forms “forests” off southern California and Catalina Island? 23. How fast can this kelp grow? 24. How does kelp form a habitat for fish? 25. What is a Garibaldi? 26. What is a holdfast and what does it hold? 27. How does kelp stay oriented vertically in the water without a rigid trunk like a tree? 28. What two specific things make a Torpedo Ray unique in the world of rays? 29. Internet Research: Where did the Torpedo ray get its name? 30: Math question: If kelp can grow 2 feet in a day, how long would it take to grow an inch?
 * Segment 4 - Kelp Forests**

31. What kind of animal is a sponge? 32. How and what do sponges eat? 33. Water goes in and out of the sponge through pores. What are they called? 34. How do sponges reproduce when they can’t walk or swim? 35. What did the green dye illustrate about sponges? 36. Why do very few animals eat sponges? 37. What is the name of the cells inside a sponge that both pump water and catch food particles? 38. Can sponges live in the arctic? How about the tropics?
 * Segment 5 - The Biology of Sponges**

55. What is mutualism? Give an example of a mutualistic relationship from the webisode. 56. What is commensalism? Give an example of commensalism from the webisode. 57. What is a parasite? Is parasitism a symbiotic relationship? 58. Rate these relationships as commensal, mutualism, or parasitic: • Clownfish/anemone • Manta ray/cleaning fish • Shark/remora • Humpback whale/barnacle • Honey bee/flower • Whale shark/jacks • Human/mosquito 59. Internet research: How can symbiotic relationships affect the evolution of organisms? (Hint: look at the case of the flower and the honey bee).
 * Segment 8 - Symbiosis in the Sea**

60. How do sea stars walk? 61. Why are these animals more correctly called “sea stars” rather than “starfish?” (Hint...are they fish?) 62. How does a sea star hunt and eat a scallop or mussel? 63. What do basket sea stars eat and how do they catch it? 64. Why are Crown-of-thorns sea stars bad news for coral reefs? 65. What is the world’s largest sea star and where did Jonathan find it? 66. How are Linckia sea stars like bumper cars?
 * Segment 9 - Sea Stars**

67. Where are Tridacna clams found? 68. Why are Tridacna clams disappearing from reefs? 69. What does a Tridacna clam eat? How is the sun important to these animals? 70. Find Kosrae, Micronesia on a map. That’s where the clam farm is. Why is that a great place to grow giant clams? 71. How long does it take a clam to become a “giant?” What does that say about their use as food for people? 72. Can a giant clam really grab a person?
 * Segment 10 - Killer Clams**

73. How does an octopus taste its food? 74. What does an octopus use its siphon for? 75. Why does the New England Aquarium have astroturf on the walls of the octopus exhibit? 76. What does the Giant Pacific Octopus like to eat? 77. What is the only effective weapon a Giant Pacific Octopus has against another? 78. Why might the octopuses have been fighting? 79. What two ways can an octopus change its skin so it can blend in to its surroundings? 80. Internet Research: How long does the Giant Pacific Octopus live?
 * Segment 11 - Giant Pacific Octopus**

81. What does the word cephalopod mean? 82. Name four members of class cephalopoda? 83. What characteristic do most cephalopods lack compared to other mollusks? 84. What is the only cephalopod with an external shell? 85. Explain how the siphon sids in locomotion. 86. Why are squid and cuttlefish more rigid than an octopus? 87. What is the difference in amount of arms between an octopus and a squid? 88. What skin cells are responsible for cephalopds to change colors?
 * Segment 12 - Cephalopods**

89. What color is an American lobster? Is it red in the wild? 90. How do lobster fishers make sure that the mature egg-laying females do not get caught? How does this improve the future viability of the species? 91. What do most lobsters do when they approach a lobster trap underwater? 92. What are the two claws of a lobster called and how are they different in design? 93. Internet research: what makes an American lobster different from a Spiny lobster?
 * Segment 13 - King of Crustaceans**

94. The frogfish is an ambush predator. What is an ambush predator? What other waysmight animals get their prey? 95. Why do you think some animals in the ocean want to blend in, but others want to stand out? 96. What is mimicry? Other than the examples given in the film, can you think of other examples of mimicry? 97. What are the two main reasons animals use camouflage? (Hint: has to do with being a predator or prey). 98. A nudibranch has aposematic camouflage. What does that mean? 99. Internet research: How does an octopus accomplish changing the color of its skin?
 * Segment 14 - Color and Campflauge**

100. What is caviar and how did it lead to the depletion of the Sturgeon in North America? 101. How do dams and hydro power plants contribute to the challenges facing the Sturgeon? 102. What are two major ways that biologists are trying to help the Sturgeon recover in the St. Lawrence? 103. Why were scientists collecting eggs from major Sturgeon? 104. Why are the eggs of a Sturgeon sticky? 105. What characteristics make for a good “spawning bed” in the river for Sturgeon? 106. What did Jonathan witness on the spawning beds that proves they work? 107. What parasite was attaching itself to the Sturgeon and how does it feed?
 * Segment 15 - Saving the Sturgeon**

108. Why were Goliath Groupers fished nearly to extinction? 109. What was done to protect the Goliath Grouper and how long did it take for the protection to show noticeable results? 110. Why do the Goliath Groupers seem to like to aggregate near shipwrecks in Florida? 111. Why are all those “Cigar minnows” hanging around the Groupers? (FYI, although the locals call them Cigar minnows, they are technically Round Scad, Decapterus punctatus.) 112. Was it a coincidence that a Manta ray showed up near the Goliath Grouper? What was it probably doing? 113. Why might the phase of the moon be important to a spawning fish? (Hint: what happens to the tides as a function of the moon’s phase?)
 * Segment 16 - Goliath Grouper**

114. In what way do all of the venomous fish featured in this segment deliver their venom? (Fangs, spines, etc.) 115. Are venomous fish a serious threat to divers or swimmers? 116. Why do these fish have venom at all? Do they use it to hunt? Protection? 117. Do a web search to find a fish that is not venomous, but poisonous. What is the difference? 118. Why are lionfish so safe from predators once they are mature? 119. The Stonefish, scorpionfish and Spiny Devilfish are all highly camouflaged fish that hunt by being very still and ambushing their prey. Why might they need venom?
 * Segment 17 - Venomous Fishes**

120. At 300 feet, was there light? How would you describe the light? 121. At 1000 feet how would you describe the light? 122. If no plants can live at 1,000 feet because there is no light, how do you think animals down there can find food with no primary production? (The web can help here) 123. Often deep water animals like the jellynose fish have large eyes. Why? 124. What do you think the Prickly shark at 1,000 feet might be feeding on? 125. Other than the animals we saw on the dive, what other animals might be found down deep? 126. Internet research: the atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi. What is it at 200 feet, considered the safe limit for scuba divers? What is it at 1,000 feet?
 * Segment 18 Deep Cocos**

1. How do they think Zebra mussels and Round gobies were introduced to the St. Lawrence river? 2. What are some ways that ballast water invasives might be stopped? 3. What issues do Zebra mussels cause in the St. Lawrence? Do they have any benefits? 4. What are the issues caused by Round Gobies? Any benefits with them? 5. What is being done to try to stop the spread of Lionfish in the Caribbean? 6. What are the two arguments for and against the Lionfish threat in the Caribbean? 7. What is the best way to control invasive species of any kind? 8. How do people think Lionfish were introduced into the Caribbean? 9. Why do people consider the Lionfish a threat in the Caribbean?
 * Segment 19 - Invasive Species**

136. Name some ways in which sharks are highly evolved--not primitive. 137. What are some distinguishing characteristics of all sharks? 138. How are sharks different from “bony” fish? 139. Why does a shark sink? What does a shark do to stay off the bottom? 140. Sharks have a special sense that people lack. What does it detect? 141. Why do sharks often like to hunt in low light? 142. How are sharks important in the ecosystem? 143. What is the largest shark in the world and what does it eat? 144. Internet research: Sharks have “cones” in their retinas. Cones are used to detect color, so why is it that sharks don’t see in color?
 * Segment 20 - Shark Biology**

145. Why is the Bull shark considered more dangerous than other well-known dangerous species like the Tiger and White sharks? 146. Why are most shark attacks considered a case of “mistaken identity?” 147. What makes the Bull shark unique among sharks? (hint...where can it live?) 148. What is the purpose of a chainmail suit and how does it work? 149. Why is a chainmail suit potentially dangerous for divers? 150. Why was Mauricio using a spear gun on the sharks? 151. What will be learned from the shark tissue samples that Mauricio collected? 152. Does the tissue sampling harm the sharks? 153. How do the sharks react to the divers? Are they aggressive or shy? Do they try to attack?
 * Segment 21 - Bull Shark**

154. How do Great White sharks attack seals and sea lions? 155. How do the sharks react to divers? 156. Do Great White sharks seem aggressive towards people? 157. How many shark attacks are there in an average year? (Check the internet for some stats). How many sharks are killed by people? Which species is more dangerous? 158. What is one of the common theories on why Great Whites sometimes accidentally bite humans? (involves outside research). 159. How do researchers tell Great White sharks apart at Guadalupe Island? 160. Do Great Whites attack their prey from below or from the same level? Why?
 * Segment 22 - Swimming with Jaws**

161. Why do sharks often bump underwater cameras? 162. What are the Ampullae of Lorenzini and what do they do? 163. What generates an electrical field in a living animal? 164. How does an electrical sense help sharks catch prey? 165. What did the experiment show about the useful range of the electrosensory system? 166. Why is the range of the electrosensory system so limited? (Hint, what happens to an electrical field in a conductive medium like seawater?) 167. How is the electrical “signature” of a living animal simulated in this experiment?
 * Segment 23 - Shark Electrosensory Experiment**

1. Why does rubbing the snout of the Caribbean Reef shark make it relax? What does the stainless steel glove have to do with it? 2. What can be done to put smaller sharks into tonic immobility? What is the problem with that technique on larger sharks? 3. Sharks have special pores called Ampullae of Lorenzini. What are they for? 4. How does an electrical sense help sharks catch prey? 5. Why do the sharks feel heavy when Jonathan picks them up? (Hint: are fish neutrally buoyant? How about sharks?) 6. What happens when the sharks relax and stop swimming? What keeps them from sinking to the bottom all the time? 7. Even though the divers wear chainmail as a precaution, did the sharks act aggressively?
 * Segment 24 - Shark Tonic Immobility**

Bottom Dwelling Sharks 1. What characteristic is shared by the Lemon shark, Wobbegong shark and Nurse shark but not the Hammerhead? 2. How does a shark like the Hammerhead breathe (ventilate its gills)? How does the Wobbegong breathe? 3. Why is the Walking shark so named? What does it walk on? 4. Wobbegong sharks are ambush predators. What does that mean? 5. What is a spiracle? What does the Wobbegong use it for? (Internet research: do other sharks have spiracles and what are they used for?)

1. How does the turtle protect itself? 2. What relationship is held between the tiger shark and the loggerhead turtle?
 * Clip 1** - [|Shark and Loggerhead Turtle]

3. List three ways in which being near a shark might be beneficial to a fish. 4. What is one way that a shark might benefit from a fish (other than as prey)? 5. Classify each shark-fish relationship shown in this clip as commensalism, mutualism, or parasitism.
 * Clip 2** - [|Unlikely Travel Companions]

6. How have sharks become trained to follow fishermen? 7. Describe how the following species pairs interact in the clip: fishermen/fish; sharks/fish; sharks/fishermen.
 * Clip 3** - [|Sharks and Fishermen]

8. Why are shark populations in danger of collapse? 9. How has the relationship between sharks and humans changed over time? 10.What might happen if the shark fin trade continues unchecked?
 * Clip 4** - [|Collapse of Sharks]

11. Describe the type of tourism seen in this clip. 12. What benefit do these businesses provide to: sharks? To local populations? To tourists? 13. How might these businesses help prevent the collapse of shark populations?
 * Clip 5** - [|Sharks in our Future]

media type="youtube" key="5wORJ7oJp6g" height="207" width="319" 14. List four vital adaptations of the Amazon Leaf fish.
 * Clip 6** - Build for the Kill -  African Leaf Fish

15. From the video provide three characteristics of a Loggerhead turtle. 16. From the video provide three characteristics of a Green turtle. 17. Using the evidence retrieved from the critter cams, why do Loggerheads suffer from shark attacks more often than Green turtles? 18. What is the size and weight of an adult tiger shark
 * Clip 7** - [|Tiger Shark vs. Turtles]